Soil Formation

What is soil formation

soil formation image

Soil Formation

Soil is dynamic body in which many biological, physical and chemical activity go on constantly. soil is result of decay of biological, physical and chemical and it is also the medium for soil growth.

Soil formation is a developing and changing soil body. soil formation has many characteristics that fluctuate with the seasons. soil formation depend on temperature may be alternatively warm and cold or moist and dry.

Temperature has an effect in biological activity, when biological activity slows or stops, if the soil temperature becomes too cold and too dry.

Organic matter increase when grasses die, dead plant, dead animals and leaves fall etc.

The amount of organic matter, soil chemistry, the temperature and the moisture, the soil flora and fauna, All process change over the seasons as well as with more extended periods.

That means, soil formation is the soil become adjusted to condition of landform, vegetation, temperature and climate . Soil formation will change internally when these controlling condition change.

Process of Soil Formation

Soil formation is other word scientific terminology pedogenesis. soil formation is first depends on weathering. It is this weathering mantle ( depth of the wearthered material) which is the basic input for soil to from.

The weathered material or transported deposits material are colonised by fungi, bacteria, viruses and other inferior plant bodies like lichens and mosses.

Plants help in the accumulation of humus. And many small creatures can take shelter inside the mantle.

Ferns and minor grasses may grow, later trees and bushes will start growing through seeds brought in by wind and birds.

The roots of the plant carry down the particles of the ingested animal, the mass of material becoming spongy and porous with its ability to retain water and allow the passage of air.and and a complex mixture of mineral, finally a mature soil, and organic products froms.

Types of Soil Formation Processes

1. Calcification

Calcification is the process of the accumulation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in c- horizon and many time observation other horizon.

2. Podzolization

It is the process which removes CaCO3,MgCO3 and soluble salt in acid solution and precipitate Fe and Al in organic colloids and deposite in B horizon that has come out from A horizon. Podzolization may be called in a broad sence as the negative calcification.

3. Laterization

It is the geological process of soil formation characterized by removing the bases and SiO2 in alkaline solution and accumulation of Fe,Al and MnO2.

4. Salinization

It is the process in which accumulation of soluble salts both bivalent and monovalent beyond 0.2 % particularly as Cl-,SO4-- of Ca++, Mg++,Na+ and K+ takes place.

5. Gleization

It is defined as process of soil formation which occurs under reducing conditions endangered by poor drainage and lack of O2 and due to the presence of organic matter under waterlogged condition and which produces a soil with the characteristic mottled glei laver.

6. Solonization

There is accumulation of Na+ ions on the exchange site of the soil.

7. Solodization

This process involves the movement of Al from A horizon to B horizon under the influence of Na.

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