Powers and Functions of the Indian Parliament – A Comprehensive Guide

The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body in the country. It is a cornerstone of India's democratic framework, responsible for law-making, governance, and oversight of the executive. The Parliament plays a vital role in shaping the political, social, and economic future of the nation. Understanding the powers and functions of the Indian Parliament is crucial for aspirants preparing for UPSC and other competitive exams.

 

powers and functions of indian parliament

Composition of the Indian Parliament

According to Article 79 of the Indian Constitution, the Indian Parliament consists of three components:

1. The President of India
2. Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
3. Lok Sabha (House of the People)

Although the President is not a member of either House, he/she is an integral part of Parliament and performs constitutional functions like assenting to bills, summoning sessions, and dissolving the Lok Sabha.

 

Powers of the Indian Parliament

The powers of the Indian Parliament are categorized into several types:

1. Legislative Powers

The primary function of Parliament is to make laws for the country. It can legislate on:

• Union List (Exclusive powers)
• Concurrent List (Shared with states)
• Residuary Powers (Not listed in any of the three lists, under Article 248)

Legislative Process:

• A bill is introduced in either House.
• Passed by both Houses.
• Sent to the President for assent.

The Parliament also has powers to legislate on state matters in certain cases:

• During national emergency
• When Rajya Sabha passes a resolution under Article 249
• To implement international treaties and agreements

 

2. Executive Powers

The Parliament exercises control over the executive through:

• Motions of No Confidence
• Question Hour
• Zero Hour
• Debates and Discussions
• Adjournment Motions
• Censure Motions

The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. A no-confidence motion, if passed, can lead to the resignation of the entire Cabinet.

 

3. Financial Powers

Parliament has absolute control over the finances of the country. The government cannot spend or raise any money without the approval of Parliament.

Key Financial Powers:

• Passing the Union Budget
• Appropriation Bill
• Finance Bill
• Vote on Account
• Supplementary Grants
• Demand for Grants

Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha with the President’s approval and Rajya Sabha has limited power in amending it.

 

4. Amendment Powers

Under Article 368, Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution of India.

Types of Amendments:

• Simple majority (for routine changes)
• Special majority (most constitutional amendments)
• Special majority with state ratification (for federal features)

This ensures flexibility in governance while maintaining federal balance.

 

5. Electoral Powers

Parliament participates in the election of:

• President of India (along with State Assemblies)
• Vice President (by both Houses)
• Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
• Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha

It also determines the qualifications and disqualifications for membership in Parliament.

 

6. Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Powers

Although India follows the separation of powers, Parliament has certain judicial powers:

• Impeachment of:
• President (Article 61)
• Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts (Article 124(4) & Article 217)
• Vice President
• CAG
• Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners
• Punishing members for breach of privilege or contempt of the House.

 

7. Deliberative Functions

Parliament provides a forum for national debate on policies and programs. These deliberations:

• Ensure transparency
• Allow public scrutiny
• Help in policy refinement

Discussions may take place through:

• Calling Attention Motions
• Half-an-Hour Discussions
• Special Mentions

 

8. Constituent Functions

Parliament acts as a constituent body when it amends the Constitution. It can:

• Change the structure of government
• Introduce new fundamental rights
• Modify the relationship between the Centre and States

Example: 42nd Amendment Act, 44th Amendment Act, and 101st Amendment (GST).

 

9. Miscellaneous Powers

• Creation and abolition of states (Article 3)
• Altering boundaries and names of states
• Approving proclamations of emergency (Articles 352, 356, 360)
• Establishing new All-India Services
• Changing the jurisdiction of High Courts

 

Role of the Two Houses – Rajya Sabha vs Lok Sabha

Feature	Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha
Tenure	5 years	Permanent, 1/3rd retire every 2 years
Money Bill Introduction	Only in Lok Sabha	Cannot initiate
Control over Executive	Direct (through no-confidence)	Indirect (no such provision)
Powers in Emergencies	Equal	Equal
Amendment of Constitution	Equal	Equal

 

Limitations on Parliamentary Powers

Although Parliament is supreme in law-making, it is not absolute. Its powers are limited by:

• Judicial Review (Supreme Court can strike down unconstitutional laws)
• Federal Structure (States have exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters)
• Fundamental Rights (Parliament cannot violate them)
• Bicameral Legislature (Laws require approval from both Houses)

 

Importance of the Indian Parliament

1. Guardian of the Constitution: Ensures adherence to constitutional values.
2. Voice of the People: Reflects the democratic will.
3. National Integration: Includes representatives from across the nation.
4. Check on Executive Power: Through accountability and debate.
5. Policy Formulation: Through laws and amendments.

 

Reforms Needed in Parliamentary Functioning

1. Curbing Disruptions
2. Stricter Anti-Defection Implementation
3. Increasing Days of Session
4. Making Standing Committees More Effective
5. Ensuring Attendance and Participation

 

Conclusion

The Indian Parliament is a dynamic institution that not only makes laws but also ensures accountability, fiscal responsibility, and democratic governance. Its powers and functions are vital for the smooth functioning of the Indian Republic. As India grows and evolves, Parliament must also adapt to new challenges while remaining rooted in constitutional principles.

For UPSC aspirants, a thorough understanding of parliamentary powers is essential not only for exams but also for appreciating the strength of India’s democratic framework.